Колледжи и университеты США
A short time after the first colonists came to the
territory, which we now call Massachusetts, the General Court of Massachusetts
made the first contribution for Harvard College. It was in 1636. This school
later became the famous Harvard University. It is the oldest university in the
United States. It was named in honor of John Harvard, who died in 1638. This
man left his library and half of his property to the university. People knew
that the future of the new country depended on education. And after the
establishment of Harvard they began to establish other schools. In 1776 the
Americans declared their independence. By this time nine other institutions
were opened. Their present names and the dates of their opening are:
College of Willian and
Mary (1693).
Yale University (1701).
Princeton University (1746).
Washington
and Lee University (1749).
Columbia
University (1754).
University
of Pensilvania (1755).
Brown
University (1764).
Rutgers
College (1766).
Dartmouth
College (1770).
Some of
the money for the educational institutions came from the government, but most
of it came from people who felt that by giving their money they were investing
in the new country. People believed that the new country needed colleges. They
voted for their state governments to organize colleges, which would be
supported by taxes. These are called state universities and they arc playing
leading roles in the world of education in America. By 1894 all states had such
universities. The University of Michigan, which first opened as a school in
Detroit in 1817, became a state university in 1837 when Michigan became a
state.
In the early
1800s most people thought that only men should affend college. But other people
fell certain that women too must be educated. Some of them thought that the
best would be to have co-educated colleges. Others thought that there must be
separate colleges for men and women; Oberlin College, which was founded it 1833
was the first co-educational school. Mount Holyoke was founded in 1837. It was
the first school for women. Other schools for women are: Vassar (1821), Wells
(1868), Wellesley (1871). In 1870 Michigan, Illinois, Missouri, California
began to admit women to state universities. Now all public universities admit
women. Even many private men's colleges are beginning to admit women. So the
ideas about American education are changing.
Princeton
University
Princeton University is a vibrant
community of scholarship and learning that stands in the nation's service and
in the service of all nations. Chartered in 1746, and known as the College of
New Jersey until 1896, it was British North America's fourth college. Fully
coeducational since 1969, Princeton in the 2002-2003 academic year enrolled
6,632 students -- 4,635 undergraduates and 1,997 graduate students -- with a
ratio of full-time students to faculty members of 5.6 to 1. The University,
with more than 12,000 employees, is Mercer County's largest private employer
and plays a major role in the educational, cultural and economic life of the region.
The College of William and Mary.
The College of William and Mary, one of the nation's premier
state-assisted liberal arts universities, believes that excellence in teaching
is the key to unlocking intellectual and personal possibilities for students.
Dedicated to this philosophy and committed to limited enrollment, the College
provides high-quality undergraduate, graduate and professional education that
prepares students to make significant contributions to the Commonwealth of
Virginia and the nation. In recognition, the media have included William and
Mary among the nation's prestigious "Public Ivys," and ranked it
first among state institutions in terms of commitment to teaching.
History
Chartered on February 8, 1693, by King William III and Queen Mary II as
the second college in the American colonies. Severed formal ties with Britain
in 1776. Became state-supported in 1906 and coeducational in 1918. Achieved
modern university status in 1967. Phi Beta Kappa, the nation's premier academic
honor society, and the honor code system of conduct were founded at William and
Mary.
Location
Located in historic Williamsburg, Va., approximately 150 miles south of
Washington, D.C., midway between Richmond and Norfolk, Va.
Campus
Approximately 1,200 acres including picturesque Lake Matoaka and the
College Woods. Adjacent to Colonial Williamsburg, the Ancient Campus section is
restored to 18th-century appearance.
Instructional Faculty
569 in arts and sciences, marine science, education, business administration
and law; 93 percent of the faculty teaching undergraduate courses have attained
terminal degrees.
Enrollment
7,500 of whom approximately 5,500 are undergraduates.
Student-Faculty Ratio
Approximately 12 to 1.
Student Statistics
Students from 50 states and 75 foreign countries; 79 percent of current
freshmen graduated in top tenth of their class with the middle 50 percent
having total SAT scores ranging from 1240-1400; 28 percent of all students
received need-based financial aid totaling $14 million in 2000-2001.
Tuition and Fees For the 2002-2003 session, total annual cost of tuition,
fees, room and board for in-state undergraduate students is$10,626; for out-of-state undergraduate
students, $24,826. In-state students in the School of Law pay $11,100 and
out-of-state students pay $21,290. In-state students in the Master's of
Business Administration program pay $9,978 and out-of-state students pay
$21,258. In-state graduate students in the Schools of Marine Science,
Education, and Arts and Sciences pay $6,138 and out-of-state students pay
$17,972.
Student Activities Over 250 student-interest groups plus 16 national
social fraternities and 12 sororities; William and Mary Theatre, Concert and
Sunday Series; Choir; Band; Speakers Forum; live entertainment in 10,000-seat
W&M Hall. There are a total of 23 men's and women's intercollegiate
athletic teams.
Degrees A.B., B.S., B.B.A., M.A., M.S., M.B.A., M.A.C., M.Ed., M.A.Ed.,
Ph.D., J.D., Ed.D., Psy.D., LL.M., M.P.P.
Programs of Study American Studies+#, Anthropology+#, Applied Science+#,
Art/Art History, Biochemistry (minor only), Biological Psychology*, Biology+,
Black Studies*, Business Administration+^, Chemistry+, Classical Studies
(Latin, Greek, Hebrew), Computer Science+#, Dance (minor only),Economics,
Education (certification)+#, English, Environmental Science/Studies*, Film
Studies (minor only), Geology, Government, History+#, International Studies
(International Relations and separate concentrations in African, East Asian, European,
Latin American, Middle Eastern and Russian Studies), Kinesiology, Law^,
Linguistics*, Literary and Cultural Studies*, Marine Science+#, Mathematics+,
Medieval and Renaissance Studies*, Military Science, Modern Languages (Arabic,
Chinese, French, German, Italian, Japanese, Portuguese, Russian and Spanish),
Music, Philosophy, Physics+#, Psychology+#, Public Policy+, Religion,
Sociology, Theatre and Speech, Women's Studies*
*Interdisciplinary Studies Degree
+Master's Degree Program
#Doctoral Degree Program
^Professional Degree Program
Schools Arts and Sciences, Business Administration, Education, Law,
Marine Science
Special Opportunities Freshman seminars focusing on specialized topics
with a limited class-size of 17 students. Undergraduate research opportunities.
Community service projects and organizations. Psy.D. degree in Clinical
Psychology in conjuction with Eastern Virginia Medical Authority. Center for
International Studies with Study Abroad programs in Australia, Canada, China,
Denmark, Egypt, England, France, Germany, Italy, Japan and Scotland. Summer
session with graduate offerings on campus. Special institutes and seminars.
Departmental Honors programs. 17 computer labs outfitted with the latest
Pentium PCs. A high-speed fiber-optic network connects all campus buildings,
including residence hall rooms. Foreign language houses. Military Science
Program. Advisory programs in pre-engineering, pre-law and pre-medicine.
Library The Earl Gregg Swem Library contains more than one million volumes
and computer access to many standard computerized data bases. Special
Collections include documents from many historical figures, including the
lifetime papers of U.S. Chief Justice Warren Burger.
Computers Seventeen computer labs around campus outfitted with the latest
Pentium PC computers. Campus buildings--including all residence hall rooms -
are tied to a high-speed fiber-optic network, featuring the World Wide Web and
cable television.
Major Buildings Sir Christopher Wren Building (1695), oldest academic
building in the U.S.; President's House (1732); the Brafferton (1723); Phi Beta
Kappa Memorial Hall; William and Mary Hall seating up to 10,000 for
convocations, sports events, cultural programs. Among the College's newest
buildings are the University Center, McGlothlin-Street Hall, the Reves Center,
Plumeri Park and the McCormack-Nagelsen Tennis Center. Residential halls and
houses for 4,450 students.
Endowment
$366 million
Annual Budget
Total--$172 million for 2002-2003
Alumni
70,000
Governance
A 17-member Board of Visitors appointed by the Governor of Virginia.
Administration
Chancellor: Dr. Henry A. Kissinger
(The former Secretary of State and recipient of the Nobel Peace Prize in
1973 is 22nd Chancellor of the College)
President: Timothy J. Sullivan '66 (25th
President of the College)
Provost: Gillian T. Cell
Vice President for University Development:
Dennis Cross
Vice President for Student Affairs: W. Samuel Sadler '64
Vice President for Public Affairs: Stewart H. Gamage
'72
Vice President of Finance: Samuel E. Jones '75
Vice President for Administration: Anna Martin
Director of Athletics: Edward C. Driscoll,
Jr.
Yale University.
Yale University was founded in 1701 as the Collegiate School
in the home of Abraham Pierson, its first rector, in Killingworth, Connecticut.
In 1716 the school moved to New Haven and, with generous gift by Elihu Yale of
nine bales of goods, 417 books, and a portrait of King George the first,
renamed Yale College in 1718.
Yale embarked on a steady expansion, establishing the
Medical Institution (1810), Divinity School (1822), Law School (1843), Graduate
School of Arts and Sciences (1847), the School of Fine Arts (1869) and School
of Music (1894). In 1887 Yale College became Yale University. It continued to
add to its academic offerings with the School of Forestry & Environmental
Studies (1900), School of Nursing (1923), School of Drama (1955), School of
Architecture (1972), and School of Management (1974).
Rutgers College.
Rutgers, the State
University of New Jersey, with over 60,000 students on campuses in Camden,
Newark, and New Brunswick, is one of the major state university systems in the
nation. The university is made up of twenty-six degree-granting divisions;
twelve undergraduate colleges, eleven graduate schools, and three schools
offering both undergraduate and graduate degrees. Five are located in Camden,
seven in Newark, and fourteen in New Brunswick.
Rutgers has a unique history as a colonial college, a
land-grant institution, and a state university. Chartered in 1766 as Queen's
College, the eighth institution of higher learning to be founded in the
colonies before the revolution, the school opened its doors in New Brunswick in
1771 with one instructor, one sophomore, and a handful of freshmen. During this
early period the college developed as a classical liberal arts institution. In
1825, the name of the college was changed to Rutgers to honor a former trustee
and revolutionary war veteran, Colonel Henry Rutgers.
Rutgers College became the land-grant college of New
Jersey in 1864, resulting in the establishment of the Rutgers Scientific School with
departments of agriculture, engineering, and chemistry. Further expansion in
the sciences came with the founding of the New Jersey Agricultural Experiment
Station in 1880, the College of Engineering in 1914, and the College of
Agriculture (now Cook College) in 1921. The precursors to several other Rutgers
divisions were also founded during this period: the College of Pharmacy in
1892, the New Jersey College for Women (now Douglass College) in 1918, and the
School of Education (now a graduate school) in 1924.
Brown University
Founded
in 1764, Brown University was the third college in New England and the seventh
in America - and the only one that welcomed students of all religious
persuasions. A commitment to diversity and intellectual freedom remains a
hallmark of the University today.
Established as Rhode Island
College in the town of Warren, Rhode Island, the University moved to its
present location on Providence's College Hill in 1770. In 1804, the University
was renamed to honor a $5,000 donation from Providence merchant Nicholas Brown.
Over the years the University
grew steadily, adding graduate courses in the 1880s, a women's college in 1889
(renamed Pembroke College in 1928), a graduate school in 1927, and a medical education program in 1973 (now the Brown Medical
School). The men's and women's undergraduate colleges merged in 1971.
While facilities and programs
expanded, Brown chose to keep its enrollment relatively small, with an
undergraduate student-faculty ratio of about 9 to 1. The main campus covers
nearly 140 acres, all of it within a 10-minute walk of its hub, the College Green.
The University is situated on a historic residential hill overlooking downtown
Providence, a city of some 170,000 people.
The University library system contains more than 5 million items,
including bound volumes, periodicals, maps, sheet music, and manuscripts. The
number of items grows by more than 100,000 each year.
The John D. Rockefeller Jr.
Library, known as "the Rock," is Brown's primary humanities and
social-sciences resource center.
The Sciences Library houses the
University's collection of science and medical books and periodicals. Located
on the 14th floor is the University's media services operation.
The John Hay Library houses
special collections, including most of the University's rare books,
manuscripts, and archives.
The John Carter Brown Library
is an independently administered and funded center for advanced research in
history and the humanities. It houses an internationally renowned collection of
primary sources pertaining to the Americas before 1825.
Other specialty libraries
include the Orwig Music Library (the general music collection), the Art Slide
Library (slides of art and art-related subjects, including architecture and
archaeology), and the Demography Library (a major resource for population
research).
Teaching, research and public
service are conducted through a number of centers and institutes affiliated
with the University. They include the Annenberg Institute for School Reform,
the Center for Alcohol and Addiction Studies, the Center for Gerontology and
Health Care Research, the Population Studies and Training Center, and the
Watson Institute for International Studies.
Carrying on an intercollegiate
athletic tradition more than 100 years old, the Brown Bears compete against the
seven other Ivy League schools and against other colleges and universities at
the NCAA Division I level. Brown has one of the nation's broadest arrays of
varsity teams -- 37 in all; 20 for women and 17 for men.
Brown has its share of historic
firsts, including the nation's first intercollegiate men's ice hockey game
(defeating Harvard 6-0 on January 19, 1898) and the nation's first women's
varsity ice hockey team (organized in 1964).
As a member of the Ivy League,
Brown awards financial aid on the basis of need; it does not grant athletic
scholarships.
University of Pensilvania.
Students:
Full-time: 18,050
Part-time: 4,276
Total: 22,326
Full-time Undergraduate: 9,863
Full-time Graduate/professional: 8,187
(Fall 2001; most current figures)
Undergraduate
Admissions:
Penn received record-high 19,153 applications for admission
to the Class of 2005. Of those applicants, 4,132, or 21.6 percent, were offered
admission, making the class of 2005 the most selective in Penn's history and
the institution among the most selective universities in America. Ninety-two
percent of the students admitted for Fall 2001 came from the top 10 percent of
their high school graduating class and scored a combined 1,412 on the SAT.
2,391 students matriculated into this year's freshman class.
Internationalism:
Record-high 2,588 international students applied for
admission to Penn's undergraduate schools for Fall 2001, and 401 (15.5%)
received admissions offers. Ten percent of the first Ten percent of the first
year classes are international students. Of the international students accepted
to the Class of 2005, 11.1% were from Africa and the Middle East, 44.6% from
Asia, 1% from Australia and the Pacific, 14.3% from Canada and Mexico, 10.6%
from Central/South America and the Caribbean, and 18.6% from Europe. Penn had
3,485 international students enrolled in Fall 2001.
Study Abroad:
Penn offers 65 study-abroad programs in 36 countries. Penn
ranks first among the Ivy League schools in the number of students studying
abroad, according to the most recent data (Institute for International
Education, 1999-2000). In 1999-2000, 1,196 Penn undergraduate students participated
in study- abroad programs.
Diversity:
About 42 percent of those accepted for admission to the
Class of 2005 are Black, Hispanic, Asian, or Native American. Women comprise 50
percent of all students currently enrolled.
Undergraduate Schools:
Penn's four undergraduate schools, with their Fall 2001
student populations, are:
The College at Penn
(School of Arts and Sciences), 6,464
School of Engineering and Applied Science, 1,612
School of Nursing, 363
The Wharton School, 1,729
Graduate and Professional Schools:
Penn's 12 graduate and professional schools, with their Fall
2001 student populations, are:
Annenberg School for
Communication, 78
School of Arts and Sciences, 2,302
School of Dental Medicine, 530
Graduate School of Education, 1,059
School of Engineering and Applied Science, 884
Graduate School of Fine Arts, 562
Law School, 856
School of Medicine, 1,091
School of Nursing, 351
School of Social Work, 326
School of Veterinary Medicine, 451
The Wharton School, 2,055
Faculty:
Standing: 2,257
Associated: 2,062
Total: 4,319
The student-faculty ratio is 6.4:1 (Fall
2001).
Measures of
distinction of the faculty include:
61 members of the
Academy of Arts and Sciences;
44 members of the Institute of Medicine;
39 members of the National Academy of Sciences;
91 Guggenheim Fellowships (1980-2001);
11 members of the National Academy of Engineering;
Seven MacArthur Award recipients;
Six National Medal of Science recipients;
Four Nobel Prize recipients; and
Two Pulitzer Prize winners
Staff:
Penn is the largest private employer in the city of
Philadelphia and the fourth-largest in the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania. As of
Fall 2001, Penn has a total regular work force of 12,290. The University of
Pennsylvania Health System, which includes the Hospital of the University of
Pennsylvania, employs an additional 12,673 people.
Academics:
Total undergraduate majors currently being pursued: 94
(Academic Year 2002).
Libraries:
5.0 million books
3.6 million items on microfilm
39,439 periodical subscriptions
1,952 CD-ROM databases
4,734 e-journals
Athletics and Recreation:
A charter member of the Ivy League, Penn offers
intercollegiate competition for men in 20 sports, including basketball,
baseball, heavyweight crew, lightweight crew, cross country, fencing, football,
golf, lacrosse, soccer, sprint football, squash, swimming, tennis, indoor
track, outdoor track and wrestling. It offers intercollegiate competition for
women in 14 sports, including basketball, crew, cross country, field hockey,
fencing, golf, gymnastics, lacrosse, soccer, softball, squash, swimming,
tennis, indoor track, outdoor track and volleyball. During the 2001-2002
academic year, there were 14,678 team members participating in 20 intramural
teams; 927 additional students were members of 30 club sports.
Campus Size:
- West Philadelphia campus: 269 acres, 151 buildings
(excluding hospital)
- New Bolton Center: 600 acres, 77 buildings
- Morris Arboretum: 92 acres, 30 buildings
Living Alumni of Record:
Total: 233,303 (Fiscal Year 2001)
Undergraduate Admission and Fees:
$27,988 (Academic Year 2003)
Room and Board Fees:
$8,224 (Academic Year 2003)
Community Service:
Approximately 5,000 University students, faculty and staff
participate in more than 300 Penn volunteer and community service programs. The
Middle States Association of Colleges and Schools recognized the University's
West Philadelphia Improvement Corps (WEPIC), in Penn's Center for Community
Partnerships, for exemplary school-college partnerships in Pennsylvania.
Endowment $3.382 billion (as of June 30, 2001)
Voluntary support: $285 million
107,941 donors gave $138 million in contributions
$92 million in gifts from foundations and associations
$37 million in gifts from corporations
Sponsored Projects (Fiscal Year 2001):
$550 million in awards
4,169 awards
2,655 projects
1,219 principal investigators
Budget:
$3.21 billion (Fiscal Year 2002)
Payroll (including benefits):
$1.324 billion (Fiscal Year 2002)
Washington and Lee University.
Washington and Lee is a small, private, liberal arts
university nestled between the Blue Ridge and Allegheny Mountains in Lexington,
VA. It is the ninth oldest institution of higher learning in the nation.
In 1749, Scotch-Irish pioneers who had migrated deep into
the Valley of Virginia founded a small classical school called Augusta Academy,
some 20 miles north of what is now Lexington. In 1776, the trustees, fired by
patriotism, changed the name of the school to Liberty Hall. Four years later
the school was moved to the vicinity of Lexington, where in 1782 it was
chartered as Liberty Hall Academy by the Virginia legislature and empowered to
grant degrees. A limestone building, erected in 1793 on the crest of a ridge
overlooking Lexington, burned in 1803, though its ruins are preserved today as
a symbol of the institution's honored past.
In 1796, George Washington saved the struggling Liberty Hall
Academy when he gave the school its first major endowment--$20,000 worth of
James River Canal stock. The trustees promptly changed the name of the school
to Washington Academy as an expression of their gratitude. In a letter to the
trustees, Washington responded, "To promote the Literature in this rising
Empire, and to encourage the Arts, have ever been amongst the warmest wishes of
my heart." The donations - one of the largest to any educational
institution at that time –continue to contribute to the University's operating
budget today.
General Robert E. Lee reluctantly accepted the position of
president of the College in 1865. Because of his leadership of the Confederate
army, Lee worried he "might draw upon the College a feeling of
hostility," but also added that "I think it the duty of every citizen
in the present condition of the Country, to do all in his power to aid in the
restoration of peace and harmony." During his brief presidency, Lee
established the School of Law, encouraged development of the sciences, and
instituted programs in business instruction that led to the founding of the
School of Commerce in 1906. He also inaugurated courses in journalism, which
developed by 1925 into The School of Journalism--now the Department of
Journalism and Mass Communications. These courses in business and journalism
were the first offered in colleges in the United States. After Lee's death in
1870, the trustees voted to change the name from Washington College to
Washington and Lee University.
Once an all-male institution, Washington and Lee first
admitted women to its law school in 1972. The first undergraduate women
matriculated in 1985. Since then, Washington and Lee has flourished. The
University now boasts a new science building, a performing arts center and an
indoor tennis facility, and it continues to climb the ranking charts of U.S.
News and World Report and other rating agencies. Washington and Lee is ranked
15th among the top national liberal arts colleges by U.S. News.
Washington and Lee University observed its 250th Anniversary
with a year-long, national celebration during the 1998-99 academic year.
Columbia University.
Columbia University was founded in 1754 as King’s College by
royal charter of King George II of England. It is the oldest institution of
higher learning in the state of New York and the fifth oldest
in the United States.
Controversy preceded the founding of the College, with
various groups competing to determine its location and religious affiliation.
Advocates of New York City met with success on the first point, while the
Anglicans prevailed on the latter. However, all constituencies agreed to commit
themselves to principles of religious liberty in establishing the policies of
the College.
In July 1754, Samuel Johnson held the first classes in a new
schoolhouse adjoining Trinity Church, located on what is now lower Broadway in
Manhattan. There were eight students in the class. At King’s College, the
future leaders of colonial society could receive an education designed to
“enlarge the Mind, improve the Understanding, polish the whole Man, and qualify
them to support the brightest Characters in all the elevated stations in life.”
One early manifestation of the institution’s lofty goals was the
establishment in 1767 of the first American medical school to grant the MD
degree.
The American Revolution brought the growth of the College to
a halt, forcing a suspension of instruction in 1776 that lasted for eight
years. However, the institution continued to exert a significant influence on
American life through the people associated with it. Among the earliest
students and Trustees of King’s College were John Jay, the first Chief Justice
of the United States; Alexander Hamilton, the first Secretary of the Treasury;
Gouverneur Morris, the author of the final draft of the U.S. Constitution; and
Robert R. Livingston, a member of the five-man committee that drafted the
Declaration of Independence.
The College reopened in 1784 with a new name—Columbia—that
embodied the patriotic fervor, which had inspired the nation’s quest for
independence. The revitalized institution was recognizable as the descendant of
its colonial ancestor, thanks to its inclination toward Anglicanism and the
needs of an urban population, but there were important differences: Columbia College
reflected the legacy of the Revolution in the greater economic, denominational,
and geographic diversity of its new students and leaders. Cloistered campus
life gave way to the more common phenomenon of day students, who lived at home
or lodged in the city.
In 1849, the College moved from Park Place, near the present
site of City Hall, to 49th Street and Madison Avenue, where it remained for
the next fifty years. During the last half of the nineteenth century, Columbia
rapidly assumed the shape of a modern university. The Law School was founded in
1858, and the country’s first mining school, a precursor of today’s School of
Engineering and Applied Science, was established in 1864.
When Seth Low became Columbia’s president in 1890, he
vigorously promoted the university ideal for the College, placing the
fragmented federation of autonomous and competing schools under a central
administration that stressed cooperation and shared resources. Barnard College
for women had become affiliated with Columbia in 1889; the medical school came
under the aegis of the University in 1891, followed by Teachers of graduate
faculties in political science, philosophy, and pure science established
Columbia as one of the nation’s earliest centers for graduate education. In 1896,
the Trustees officially authorized the use of yet another new name, Columbia
University, and today the institution is officially known as Columbia
University in the City of New York.
Low’s greatest accomplishment, however, was moving the
University from 49th Street to Morningside Heights and a more spacious campus
designed as an urban academic village by McKim, Mead & White, the renowned
turn-of-the-century architectural firm. Architect Charles Follen McKim provided
Columbia with stately buildings patterned after those of the Italian
Renaissance. The University continued to prosper after its move uptown.
During the presidency of Nicholas Murray Butler (1902–1945),
Columbia emerged as a preeminent national center for educational innovation and
scholarly achievement. John Erskine taught the first Great Books Honors Seminar
at Columbia College in 1919, making the study of original masterworks the
foundation of undergraduate education. Columbia became, in the words of College
alumnus Herman Wouk, a place of “doubled magic,” where “the best things of the
moment were outside the rectangle of Columbia; the best things of all human
history and thought were inside the rectangle.” The study of the sciences
flourished along with the liberal arts, and in 1928, Columbia–Presbyterian
Medical Center, the first such center to combine teaching, research, and
patient care, was officially opened as a joint project between the medical
school and The Presbyterian Hospital.
By the late 1930s, a Columbia student could study with the
likes of Jacques Barzun, Paul Lazarsfeld, Mark Van Doren, Lionel Trilling, and
I.I. Rabi, to name just a few of the great minds of the Morningside campus. The
University’s graduates during this time were equally accomplished—for example,
two alumni of Columbia’s Law School, Charles Evans Hughes and Harlan Fiske
Stone (who also held the position of Law School dean), served successively as
Chief Justice of the United States Supreme Court.
Research into the atom by faculty members I.I. Rabi, Enrico
Fermi, and Polykarp Kusch placed Columbia’s Physics Department in the
international spotlight in the 1940s, and the founding of the School of
International Affairs (now the School of International and Public Affairs) in
1946 marked the beginning of intensive growth in international relations as a
major scholarly focus of the University. The Oral History movement in the
United States was launched at Columbia in 1948.
Columbia celebrated its Bicentennial in 1954 during a period
of steady expansion. This growth mandated a major campus-building program in
the 1960s, and, by the end of the decade, five of the University’s schools were
housed in new buildings.
The revival of spirit and energy on Columbia’s campus in
recent years has been even more sweeping. The 1980s saw the completion of over
$145 million worth of new construction, including two residence halls, a
computer science center, the Rare Book and Manuscript Library, a chemistry
building, the Miriam and Ira D. Wallach Art Gallery, Lawrence A. Wien Stadium,
and much more. The quality of student life on campus has been a primary
concern, and the opening of Morris A. Schapiro Hall in 1988 enabled Columbia
College to achieve its long-held goal of offering four years of housing to all
undergraduate students. A second gift from this farsighted benefactor led to
the opening in 1992 of the Morris A. Schapiro Center for Engineering and
Physical Science Research, which is helping to secure Columbia’s leadership in
telecommunications and high-tech research.
On the Health Sciences campus, a generous
commitment from the Sherman Fairchild Foundation has lent
impetus to the development of the Audubon Biomedical Science and Technology
Park by providing funds for construction of the Center for Disease Prevention.
In addition to securing Columbia’s place at the forefront of medical research,
this project will help spur the growth of the biotechnology industry in New
York City, forge vital new links between Columbia and the local community, and
help to revitalize the area around the medical center.
Thanks to concerted efforts to place the University on the
strongest possible foundations, Columbia is approaching the twenty-first
century with a firm sense of the importance of what has been
accomplished in the past and confidence in what it can achieve in the years to
come.
In 1897, the University moved from 49th Street and Madison
Avenue, where it had stood for fifty years, to its present location on
Morningside Heights at 116th Street and Broadway. Seth Low, the President of
the University at the time of the move, sought to create an academic village in
a more spacious setting. Charles Follen McKim of the architectural firm of
McKim, Mead & White modeled the new campus after the Athenian agora. The
Columbia campus comprises the largest single collection of McKim, Mead &
White buildings in existence.
The architectural centerpiece of the campus is Low Memorial
Library, named in honor of Seth Low’s father. Built in the Roman classical
style, it appears in the New York City Register of Historic Places. The
building today houses the University’s central administration
offices and the Visitors Center.
A broad flight of steps descends from Low Library to an
expansive plaza, a popular place for students to gather, and from there to
College Walk, a promenade that bisects the central campus. Beyond College Walk
is the South Campus, where Butler Library, the University’s main library,
stands. South Campus is also the site of many of Columbia College’s facilities,
including student residences, the Ferris Booth Hall activities center, and the
College’s administrative offices and classroom buildings, along with the
building housing the Journalism School.
To the north of Low Library stands Pupin Hall, which in 1966
was designated a national historic landmark in recognition of the atomic
research undertaken there by Columbia’s scientists beginning in 1925. To the
east is St. Paul’s Chapel, which is listed with the New York City Register of
Historic Places.
Many newer buildings surround the original campus. Among the
most impressive are the Sherman Fairchild Center for the Life Sciences, the
Computer Science building, Morris A. Schapiro Hall, and the Morris A. Schapiro
Center for Engineering and Physical Science Research.
Two miles to the north of Morningside Heights is the
twenty-acre campus of the Columbia-Presbyterian Medical Center, overlooking the
Hudson River in Manhattan’s Washington Heights. Among the most prominent
buildings on the site are the twenty-story Julius and Armand Hammer Health
Sciences Center, the William Black Medical Research building, and the
seventeen-story tower of the College of Physicians and Surgeons. In 1989, The
Presbyterian Hospital opened the Milstein Hospital Building, a 745-bed facility
that incorporates the very latest advances
in medical technology and patient care. To the west is the New York State
Psychiatric Institute; east of Broadway will be the Audubon Biomedical Science
and Technology Park, which will include the new Center for Disease Prevention.
The Park is being developed as a major urban research complex to house
activities on the cutting edge of scientific and medical research.
Other interesting information.
It is also very interesting, that in the USA many
universities are connected with each other. They belong to different unions.
For example, Dartmouth College, Brown University, Columbia
University, Princeton University and Yale University are the parts of
«Ivy League». It is a union of the most respectable and famous universities in
the United States of America.
«Ivy League» consists of eight colleges and universities.
All of them are rather old and popular. But they are not cheap, because
students must pay much money for their education.
The most expensive University is Dartmouth. The cheapest one
is Yale.
All the universities have their own emblems, which are
always different and have definite meanings.
The Report.
Klimenko
Ekaterina.
9 form «V».
Education and Culture
In the United States, education, cultural activities, and the
communications media exert a tremendous influence on the lives of individuals.
Through these means, knowledge and cultural values are generated, transmitted,
and preserved from one generation to the next.
In most of the United States, illiteracy has been virtually
eliminated. However, census estimates suggest that 2.4 percent of the
population over age 25 is functionally illiterate, that is, they are unable to
read and write well enough to meet the demands of everyday life. More of the
population has received more education than ever before. Among Americans aged
25 and older in 1993, about four-fifths had completed high school, as compared
with only about one-fourth as recently as 1940. In 1993 nearly 22 percent of
the population had com pleted four
or more years of college. This same trend toward increased accessibility and
usage applies to America's cultural institutions, which have continued to
thrive despite a troubled economy.
Education
In the United States, education is offered at all levels from
prekindergarten to graduate school by both public and private institutions.
Elementary and secondary education involves 12 years of schooling, the
successful completion of which leads to a high school diploma. Although public
education can be defined in various ways, one key concept is the accountability
of school officials to the voters. In theory, responsibility for operating the
public education system in the United States is local. In fact, much of the
local control has been superseded, and state legislation controls financing
methods, academic standards, and policy and curriculum guidelines. Because
public education is separately developed within each state, variations exist
from one state to another. Parallel paths among states have developed, however,
in part because public education is also a matter of national interest.
Public elementary and secondary education is supported financially
by three levels of government—local, state, and federal. Local school districts
often levy property taxes, which are the major source of financing for the
public school systems. One of the problems that arises because of the heavy
reliance on local property tax is a disparity in the quality of education
received by students. Rich communities can afford to pay more per student than
poorer communities; consequently, the disparity in wealth affects the quality
of education received. Some states have taken measures to level this imbalance
by distributing property tax collections to school districts based on the
number of students enrolled.
When public education was established in the American colonies in
the mid-17th century, it was viewed by many as an instrument that would break
down the barriers of social class and prejudice. Public schools were intended
for all creeds, classes, and religions. In addition to the development of
individuals, public schools were to promote social harmony by equalizing the
conditions of the population.
Most students attended private schools, however, until well into
the 19th century. Then, in the decades before the American
Civil War (1861-1865), a transition took place from
private to public school education. This transition was to provide children of
all classes with a free education. The idea of free public education did,
however, encounter opposition. The nonw hite
population, which consisted primarily of blacks, was either totally denied an
education or allowed to attend only racially segregated schools.
School
Segregation
Before the Civil War, public school segregation was common both in
the South and in the North. In every southern state except Kentucky and
Maryland, laws existed that forbade the teaching of reading and writing to
slaves.
In 1867, after the end of the Civil War, schools for blacks began
to be established in various parts of the South. For nearly a century, until
1954, most education facilities in the southern states remained racially
segregated by state laws. Not only were schools segregated, but, in schools for
blacks, the physical conditions and facilities were poor, transportation to
such schools was meager or nonexistent, and expenditures per black pupil fell
below those per white pupil.
In the northern states during this same period, most black chi ldren also attended separate schools. Sometimes
this was the result of state laws; more often it was the result of policy
decisions, either officially acknowledged or clandestine. Examples of the
latter are gerrymandered school districts and pupil transfer systems. The
result, in the South and the North, was a dual system of education for blacks
and whites.
In 1954 the Supreme Court of the United States declared racial
segregation in schools illegal, in its landmark Brown v. Board of Education of
Topeka decision. Since then progress has been made toward desegregation;
however, widespread de facto segregation still exists today in both suburban
and urban areas. In the late 1980s more than 60 percent of black and Hispanic
American students attended schools where minority group enrollment constituted
over 50 percent of the total. In some large cities, either because of
residential patterns or because of an intent to segregate schools, entire
school districts are still segregated. Some districts have attempted the busing
of pupils to help achieve integration, but this has proved generally unpopular
and unworkable. Thus, the right to a desegregated education remains more
theoretical than real for many children.
Elementary
and Secondary Enrollments
In 1993 some 59,680 public elementary and 19,995 public secondary schools
were in operation in the United States, in addition to 4826 special-purpose or
combined schools. Enrollment in public schools in 1993 totaled about 31 million
elementary pupils and about 11.7 million secondary students. In addition,
private elementary and secondary schools together enrolled about 4.9 million
students in 1991. The largest system of private education in the United States
is that of the Roman Catholic church, with some 2.6 million students in 1991.
In public schools, the average expenditure per pupil in the United States in
1993 was about $5574, ranging from a low of about $3218 in Utah to a high of
about $9712 in New Jersey.
Higher
Education
The first American colleges were small and attended by an
aristocratic student body. The earliest institutions were established in the
United States between the mid-17th and mid-18th centuries: Harvard
University (1636), the College of
William and Mary (1693), Yale
University (1701), the University
of Pennsylvania (1740), Princeton
University (1746), Columbia
University (1754), Brown
University (1764), Rutgers
University (1771), and Dartmouth
College (1769). These private institutions initially prepared students
for careers in theology, law, medicine, and teaching—a curriculum too narrow
for a country experiencing a rapid expansion of its territory, industry, and
industrial population.
An important development occurred in 1862, when President Abraham
Lincoln signed the Morrill Act (see Land-Grant
Colleges), which donated public lands to the several states
and territories to provide colleges with the resources necessary to teach such
branches of learning as agriculture and the mechanical arts. The Morrill Act
was designed to promote the liberal and practical education of the new
industrial population. Based on the act, each state was granted 12,141 hectares
(30,000 acres) of federal land for each member it had in Congress. In addition
to creating colleges, the Morrill Act extended education to groups that would
benefit from higher education regardless of financial background and greatly accelerated
the admission of women to institutions of higher learning. Some of the larger
institutions that were established or expanded as a result of the Morrill Act
include the University of Arizona
(1885), the University of California at Berkeley
(1868), the University of Florida
(1853), the University of Illinois
(1867), Purdue University
(1865), the University of Maryland
(1807), Michigan State University
(1855), Ohio State University
(1870), Pennsylvania State University
(1855), and the University of Wisconsin
(1849).
Higher education, like elementary and secondary education, has
historically been racially segregated in the United States. Before 1954 most
blacks gained access to higher education only by attending colleges and
universities established for blacks, nearly all of which were located in the
southern states. With the gradual dissolution of most traditional racial
barriers, more and more blacks enrolled in institutions where whites made up
the majority of the student body. By 1990 only about 17 percent of all black
students were enrolled in the 105 historically black colleges and universities.
Accreditation
A unique feature of higher education in the United States is the
device known as accreditation, which includes voluntary self-evaluation by a
school and appraisal by a group of its peers. This process operates through
nationally recognized accrediting agencies and associations and certain state
bodies. These agencies or associations have established educational criteria to
evaluate institutions in terms of their own objectives and to ascertain whether
programs of educational quality are being maintained. They provide institutions
with continued stimulus for improvement, to ensure that accredited status may serve
as an authentic index of educational quality.
Costs
of Higher Education
The cost of higher education varies by type of institution.
Tuition is highest at private four-year institutions, and lowest at public
two-year institutions. The private four-year colleges nearly quadrupled their
average tuition rates between 1975 and 1990. For private four-year colleges,
tuition and fees for the 1992-1993 academic year averaged about $13,043,
compared with about $2827 at public four-year colleges. The cost of attending
an institution of higher education includes not only tuition and fees, however,
but also books and supplies, transportation, personal expenses and, sometimes,
room and board. Although tuition and fees generally are substantially lower at
public institutions than at private ones, the other student costs are about the
same. The average cost for tuition, fees, and room and board for the 1992-1993
academic year at private four-year colleges was about $18,892. At public
four-year colleges the average combined cost was about $6449.
Enrollment
Trends
In 1992 about 62.1 million people were enrolled in elementary and
secondary schools and institutions of higher education, about 1.1 million more
than the number enrolled in 1975.
Nursery school enrollment increased sharply between 1970 and 1992,
from about 1.1 million to about 2.9 million children. This rise in nursery
school enrollment may have occurred because of the increasingly recognized
value of preprimary education as well as the growth in employment outside the
home of women with young children. College and university enrollment also
increased substantially, from some 8.6 million students in 1970 to 14.5 million
in 1992. The increase in enrollment in institutions of higher education was
primarily due to the growth in attendance by women. Of the total school
enrollment in 1992, whites constituted about 83 percent, blacks about 10
percent, and Hispanic Americans (who may be of any race) about 7 percent.
Libraries
·
The
beginning……………………………………………………….1-2
· Princeton
University…………………………………………….2
·
The
College of William and Mary…………………………..2-7
·
Yale
University……………………………………………………..7
·
Rutgers
College……………………………………………………7-8
·
Brown
University…………………………………………………8-10
·
University
of Pensilvania………………………………………10-14
·
Washington
and Lee University…………………………….14-16
·
Columbia
University…………………………………………….16-22
·
«
Ivy League »………………………………………………………23-24
·
Education
and Culture……………………………………………25
·
Education…………………………………………………………….25-31
·
Literature…………………………………………………………….32
·
N.
V. Bagramova.
T. I. Vorontsova.
«The book for reading in
area studies. The United States of America (country and people)»
«Publishers Soyuz»,
St. Petersburg, 2000 year.
·
O.
L. Soboleva.
«Students Encyclopedia.
Russian language, Literature, Russian history, English language.»
Moscow, «AST-PRESS»,
2001 year.
·
Internet.
Official web
sites of the colleges and universities.