Внешняя разведка США
Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
Chapter 1 Introduction
Exploration - a historical phenomenon. As craft, it is
perhaps not the oldest, but surely the second. The variety of views of various
historians on the social nature of intelligence and espionage combines them
into one - they all agree on the fact that the secret services are at least 33
centuries. More precisely, they were born when the war began. In any military
conflict, whether primitive slaughter or the Second World War, in varying
degrees, of course, there is a tactical ruse, calculated to deceive the enemy.
But in order to deceive and defeat the enemy, you need to know it. As a
historical phenomenon, intelligence and espionage, as well as the war in
different times takes different forms. Types and characters of scouts and spies
change their color depending on the social and political system which they
serve. History piled century in his piggy bank. In place of one of the
formations came others, and the time changed the very concept of the secret
service, and with it the essence of military and state secrets. Transformed and
society's attitude to those who devoted his life to a dangerous profession. On
the one hand, Noah, they were regarded as heroes of the invisible front, on the
other - as despicable mercenaries. For centuries the word
"intelligence" has been shrouded in reverence and deep respect, and
the word "spy" was uttered with contempt and disgust. In the
explanatory dictionary by Vladimir Dal: "Spy - the spy, spy, hidden spy,
and a carrier ... Spy - soglyadat, lazutnichat, pry, listen, call that on the
one hand, and send the opposite; serve as scout ... But Vladimir Dahl admits
that "spying in wartime is allowed ...
Chapter 2 History of the Foreign Intelligence
Any State, as the organization of political power, as the
unit of society, needs a mechanism which would protect it from encroachment on
its sovereignty, integrity and power.
The most important part of this mechanism is intelligence.
Reconnaissance activities is to collect and analyze
information about the alleged internal and external threats to the state and
society, as well as in activities to prevent and eliminate these threats.
History of U.S. foreign intelligence began during the Second
World War. According to Kim Philby, to this "secret information from other
countries come in limited quantities as a result of" extraordinary
"actions of American military attaches and diplomats."
In New York in 1940 was British focal point for the security
of American supplies to Britain. William Stephenson, head of the organization,
gave the main force in persuading Americans of the need to create your own
intelligence service. He attracted interest in this from President Roosevelt.
In 1942 it established the Office of Strategic Services (OSS), headed by
General Donovan. At this time, involving close cooperation with British
intelligence.
SSA was originally established as a research and analysis
organization. Subsequently, it was to the same task to plan and carry out
special operations.
After the war, all parts of SSA, except the secret
intelligence service and service analysis, were dissolved. In 1945, the
analytical units were transferred to the State Department, and the operational
units - Ministry of War.
In his address to Congress on Mar. 12, 1947, President
Truman declared that the communists threaten U.S. security. Based on the draft
General Donovan, Truman recommended the establishment of the Central
Intelligence Agency (CIA).
It was openly functioning executive authority, although it
lay as many duties of a secret nature.
In August 1961, was established by Defense Intelligence
Agency (DIA). Its first director was appointed Lt. Gen. Joseph Carroll.
The main task of this organization was to ensure maximum
coordination and effectiveness of intelligence work carried out by the army,
air force and navy.
Chapter 3 Structure of the U.S. intelligence community
At present, according to official data in the structure of
the U.S. intelligence community includes the following organizations:
I. Central Intelligence Agency (CIA)
II. The intelligence organizations of the Ministry of
Defense
III. The intelligence organizations within the U.S. civilian agencies
IY. Headquarters Intelligence (intelligence community) or
Central Intelligence.
I. Central Intelligence Agency CIA's number according to the
press in 1989 exceeded 20 thousand people.
The budget of the CIA, also according to the press in 1989
amounted to $ 4 billion, and the entire community - about $ 25 billion in 1986,
it was reported that the CIA's annual budget increased by 20%. In the same year
in the Washington Post it was reported that in 1979 the entire intelligence
budget of approximately $ 12 billion in 1986, he has more than doubled, and by
1990 will increase three-fold. In 1975, the Comptroller General of the Chief
countable management (the audit arm of Congress) E. Staats has publicly stated
that the budget for American intelligence (of all the intelligence
organizations of the U.S.) may reach 5% of the total federal budget of the United States. In 1977, the Senate committee report for the first time, it was stated that
the overall race moves into the national intelligence account for 3% of the
total federal budget of the United States, the CIA and the cost is approximately
10% of the entire intelligence budget. Consequently, the total cost of U.S. intelligence in the early 90-ies were about $ 60 billion annually, while the CIA's
expenditures - about $ 6 billion annually.
Structure of the CIA According to U.S. press reports the CIA
consists of five major directorates and a number of independent units.
1. Operations Directorate - solves the problem of obtaining
the information by human intelligence, organizes and conducts covert
operations, carries out counter-intelligence software intelligence activities,
is engaged in the fight against terrorism and narcotics.
The structure of the Directorate include:
- Management of foreign intelligence, supervises the
operational divisions, which are divided into two groups: geographical
divisions:
- Division of the former Soviet Union and Eastern Europe;
- Department of Latin America;
- Department of Middle East and South Asia;
- Africa Division - Department of East Asia.
Departments in areas of work:
- Department of Foreign resources (agent-operative work with
the United States);
- Department of International Affairs (planning and conduct
of covert paramilitary operations);
- Department of gathering information on the United States;
- Department of evasion;
- Division of businesses and others;
- Management of foreign counterintelligence - provides
security intelligence and the CIA Central Intelligence th apparatus, carries
out penetration of foreign intelligence services, queries defectors. In 1993,
management created counterintelligence center to coordinate counterintelligence
activities of all U.S. counterintelligence agencies.
- Office of covert operations - developing and implementing
covert operations.
- Office of Technical Services (the "D") -
provides technical support covert operations.
- Financial Planning Office - provides planning and funding
of all activities of the Directorate.
- Center for Combating Terrorism - coordinates the
activities of the CIA station in the fight against international terrorism.
- Center for Drug - performs analysis of all information on
drugs, develops and conducts operational activities against the most dangerous
drug-trafficking organizations.
2. Scientific and Technical Directorate - conducts research
and development of technical means of gathering information, exploits them,
maintains contacts with major research centers of the United States.
The structure of the Directorate include:
- Management of research and development of technical
systems - is engaged in basic and applied research in various fields
(artificial intelligence, process modeling, semiconductor systems,
communications, etc.)
- Office of Development and Design has been developing and
operating large-scale technical systems for collecting information
- Office of radio intercepts - operates and maintains the
latest equipment to collect and analyze information
- Logistics Management - develops and manufactures various
operational equipment (means of cryptography, eavesdropping, covert
photography, etc.)
- Information service on foreign radio listens and record
foreign radio and television programs - National Center for deciphering
materials aerospace exploration.
3. Information Analysis Directorate-head under the division
of the entire U.S. intelligence processing and analysis of intelligence
information and training outputs intelligence for the president, the National
Security Council and Congress.
The main output documents of the Directorate are:
- Memorandum warning "- information about the threat of
attack or maturing crisis that could escalate into a major armed conflict;
- The daily intelligence reports and a weekly report to the
president, vice-president, secretary, defense minister, presidential adviser on
national security and chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff;
- Daily review of national intelligence - is sent to 200
addresses;
- National intelligence estimates, containing an analysis
and forecast of development of the most important problems.
The structure of the Directorate include:
- Office of Information Analysis by country, the former
Soviet bloc
- Office of Information Analysis of European countries
- Office of Information Analysis for the Middle East and South Asia
- Office of Information Analysis of East Asia
- Office of Information Analysis in Africa and Latin America
- Manage current product and to provide analytical work
produces information material of the Directorate.
In its structure there is a non-stop operations center
tracking the maturing crisis situations that threaten U.S. security
- Management of scientific research in the field of
armaments analyzes the technical aspects of weapons and space systems of other
countries
- Management of global problems - is analyzing the economic,
geographic and technological issues at the international level
- Office of Information Resources - provides information and
referral functions, provides storage, retrieval and delivery of information,
has a large fleet of powerful computers
- Manage the analysis of information on foreign leaders
- Department provide guidance and analytical work
- Department training assignments and assessments
4. Administrative Directorate - deals with recruitment for
the CIA, training and retraining of personnel, ensures the safety of personnel
and facilities of the CIA, has Cryptovox with residency, financial, health and
economic services, develops and operates electronic information storage and
retrieval of information.
The structure of the Directorate include:
- Office of Personnel
- Management training and retraining
- Office Safety
- Financial Management
- Manage storage and retrieval
- Management of computer equipment
- Communications
- Medical Management
- Commercial management
5. Planning Directorate - established in 1989 engaged in
planning and coordinating intelligence, tracking new requirements for
intelligence information in connection with "tumultuous changes taking
place in the world, and the need for rapid response to them." The
structure of the Directorate in the press coverage.
6. Office of the Chief Counsel. The department gives advice
and monitor compliance with the Constitution, laws, Criminal Code and existing
rules and regulations.
7. Department inspector general. The Inspector General is
appointed by the President and approved by the U.S. Senate. He is accountable
to the U.S. president and Congress, but must coordinate their activities with
the Director of the CIA. The department has its own budget and personnel
autonomous apparatus. Division conducts inspections and investigations of the
CIA unit, investigates complaints of staff.
8. Division of Financial Audit - monitors all financial
activities of the CIA.
9. Secretariat of the CIA.
10. Financial planning department.
11. Department of History of the CIA.
12. Division shifroperepiski.
13. Board of Review of publications about the CIA.
14. Office of Public Affairs or pressluzhba CIA - carries
out liaison with community organizations and the media.
15. Liaison Office with the legislature - the CIA is
responsible for liaison with Congress, particularly the Commission on
Intelligence of the Senate and House of Representatives is preparing responses
to congressional inquiries, arranges for their visit to the CIA, speaking to
them, intelligence officers, etc.
II. Intelligence unit of the Ministry of Defense
These intelligence units include:
- The intelligence unit in its defense ministry
- U.S. Army intelligence unit
- The intelligence unit of the Ministry of the U.S. Air
Force - the intelligence unit of the Ministry of the Navy
1. Intelligence unit of the Ministry of Defense:
- Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) - is engaged in military
and strategic intelligence. U.S. President's Executive Order number 12333 on
December 4, 1981 "The intelligence activities of the United States"
at DIA assigned task: to collect and analyze information to the Minister of
Defense, Joint Chiefs of Staff, other units of the Ministry of Defense, as well
as appropriate for non-military departments to implement coordination of all
intelligence organizations of the Ministry of Defense. According to press
reports the number of DIA is more than 6 thousand people, including 1 thousand
people working abroad in the military attashatah.
At the DIA about 80% of all appropriations for the
exploration.
DIA has a complicated structure. In its submission includes
a number of educational institutions.
- National Security Agency (NSA) is a division of the
Ministry of Defense, while working in liaison with the CIA. Under the executive
order number 12333 NSA organizes and collects information through electronic
surveillance, as well as the development of codes and ciphers. ANB has one of
the largest in the U.S. centers for data processing, supply the most powerful
computers in the United States. According to press reports the number of NSA
personnel, including troops, more than 120 thousand people.
The agency serves about 2 thousand radio intercept stations
located around the world.
2. Intelligence unit of the Ministry of the U.S. Army:
- Intelligence of the Ministry of the Army. The structure
consists of intelligence departments of Army Staff in all theaters of war.
- Intelligence and Security Command U.S. Army. Its structure consists of Command Security and Intelligence U.S. Army (joints
and parts of the U.S. Army) at the theaters.
3. The intelligence unit of the Ministry of the U.S. Air
Force - Air Intelligence Agency, consisting of a central office (which numbered
according to the press in 1988 amounted to 2,300 officers), and intelligence
agencies in several theaters of military operations, and aviation commands,
types of aircraft.
- National air and space exploration for the United States. According to press this administration budget exceeding $ 8 billion
- Command security and electronic warfare the U.S. Air
Force, which according to press reports in 1983 were more than 10 thousand
officers.
4. The intelligence unit of the Ministry of the Navy
- Intelligence Agency and the U.S. Naval units under his
subordinates in the areas of operations of the fleets
- Command of Naval Intelligence
- Intelligence and Security Command U.S. Navy
- Intelligence of the U.S. Marine Corps
III. The intelligence organizations within the U.S. civilian agencies
By the intelligence organizations of the U.S. civilian agencies include:
- U.S. State Department's intelligence organizations
- Intelligence organizations of the Ministry of Commerce
- Intelligence organizations of the Ministry of Finance of
the USA
- Intelligence organizations of the Ministry of Energy, USA
- FBI intelligence unit.
1. Exploration U.S. State Department
The Office of Intelligence and Research Department of State
(IDA).
Under the executive order number 12333 IDA provides a
collection of open methods of information necessary to conduct U.S. foreign policy, and prepare and distribute intelligence information.
However, IDA is coordinating with the other members of the
intelligence community to collect information, and is also involved in covert
operations. IBA asks the State Department officials after their return from
zagrankomandirovok to obtain intelligence information, IBA participated in the
development of the National Intelligence Program USA.
2. Intelligence unit of the Ministry of Commerce's
- Department intelligence ties
- Department of Intelligence Agency to facilitate export
operations
- Department assess the possibilities of foreign ex tailor
management
3. Intelligence unit of the Ministry of Finance of the USA
- Intelligence Support Division is responsible for
collecting and analyzing intelligence information through the capacity of the
Ministry of Finance, as well as coordinating with other organizations of the
intelligence community.
Gather information abroad engaged attache Financial Officer
of the diplomatic representation of the United States.
Under the executive order number 12333 from 1981, the
collection of information is made public methods. Information is collected on
the financial and monetary situation of foreign countries.
- Secret Service of the Ministry of Finance - provides
protection to the President and Vice-President, members of their families,
official guests of the government, the protection of government buildings and
facilities. Service has 1,5 thousand employees, it has been collecting
intelligence and counterintelligence information on all U.S. and foreign organizations and individuals who may pose a potential threat to protected persons
and objects.
4. Intelligence Unit of the Ministry of Energy
- The Department of Defense Intelligence Information
Management for International Security Affairs - has its first intelligence
apparatus overseas, but every employee in the Ministry of Energy, going abroad
is obliged to return to provide a written report containing his collection of
information to the Office of International Security Affairs.
According to the executive order of President number 12333
this department collects information on foreign energy, especially on the
development and manufacture of nuclear weapons, nuclear energy.
5. FBI intelligence unit - is the management of the FBI
counterintelligence. It has a duty to obtain intelligence information, using
all the tacit means at its disposal, both in the U.S. and abroad. It is not
only the intelligence gathering of foreign nations, but also assists in
collecting foreign intelligence information to other organizations of the
intelligence community.
IY. Headquarters intelligence community or the Central
Intelligence.
The coordinating body of all U.S. intelligence. It includes
representatives of all U.S. intelligence agencies. The head of the headquarters
director of central intelligence, who is ex officio director of the CIA.
Director of Central Intelligence shall appoint Directorate. In the composition
of the staff of Staff Intelligence consists of eight committees (service line),
and several management teams.
Chapter 4 Legislation on intelligence
In the United States regularly published collections of
regulations on the activities of the intelligence community.
In 1987 he was issued the next collection "Compilation
on intelligence laws and relaited laws and executiwe orders of interest to the
national intelligence community" in it - more than 100 existing
regulations.
Principal regulations 11. National Security Act of 1947
This law was approved by the national security mechanism,
consisting of the National Security Council, the Ministry of Defense and the
Central Intelligence Agency.
The same law, Article 102 was established by the CIA, headed
by the Director of Central Intelligence, and obey the National Security
Council, whose function is to coordinate the intelligence activities of all
intelligence units and the idea of self-exploration.
Later this law was supplemented by three new sections, each
of which consists of a series of self-made laws.
Section 5 - it included 2 adopted normative acts
1. Act on the Supervision of exploration, which establishes
the control of the President of the implementation of covert operations.
2. Act 1988, reinforcing the re-President of the Congress
regarding covert operations.
Section 6 - Law on the Protection of personal exploration in
1982
The law prohibits the disclosure of any information on
manpower and agency of the CIA, and provides for strict penalties, including a
very long prison terms, for any disclosure by any person, including
congressmen.
Section 7 - Information about the CIA in 1984
This law intelligence derived from the application of the
law in 1966 on freedom of information. Any information on the exploration
should be published after consideration by the CIA.
12. Law on the CIA in 1949
Basically the law concerns the regulation of financial
intelligence, its official activities, it has sections on information security
and the CIA have sections that provide a simplified procedure for the adoption
of American citizenship by persons who helped the CIA.
13. Pensions Act 1964 the CIA
All employees of U.S. government agencies use general state
budget funds, and for the CIA that law provides for special pensions.
15. Law on the National Security Agency in 1959
14. Law on monitoring the activities of foreign intelligence
services in 1978
There is a whole block of the laws governing the activities
of intelligence services - is annually adopted a law on appropriations for U.S. intelligence activities. In these laws, except the approval of the actual budget
provision for any but vye norms - extend or modify the rights of members of the
intelligence community.
Executive orders of the U.S. President.
In American legal theory and practice, these executive
orders BOXIES regarded as a kind of normative acts of executive power, forming
part of federal law and are binding for all, without exception, U.S. government
agencies.
The most important of the executive orders of the President
on the activities of exploration is the order number 12333 from 1981
He defined the composition of the intelligence community and
the challenges its members.
Chapter 5 Conclusion
To date, the intelligence community had the structure
described above, but now, in connection with the collapse of the USSR, the
changes in Eastern Europe and other events worldwide, as well as in connection
with numerous high-profile failures and scandals, prepared by the radical
restructuring of intelligence.
But in any case, intelligence will remain the most important
component part of the soup of the American state.
Speaking January 4, 1994 at CIA headquarters before hundreds
of mines by U.S. intelligence, U.S. President Bill Clinton said: "The
intelligence is unique in the mission. No one knows this better than those who
have the privilege of working in the White House Oval Office. By transferring
the deposit CIA your photo with autograph, President Truman made her such an
inscription: "Central Intelligence Agency, without which it can not get
the U.S. president, from someone who knows about this firsthand.
Each of my day begins with questions about events that
occurred before and during the night. Like my predecessors, I am compelled to
seek answers to these questions, referring primarily to the intelligence
community, since this is what prevents me and the entire nation on emerging
threats, said the most important trends in the situation in the world. "
Then the President said: "The activities of
intelligence is very important. The end of the Cold War," enhances the
security of the United States, because it is intelligence, acting in many ways,
helped to win in this confrontation, and certainly not by chance one of the
fragments of the Berlin Wall is a monument to territory of the CIA. But this
one, an updated world is full of dangers and, judging by the many events, it
becomes even more complex and more difficult for a proper understanding of the
processes. The Administration has an acute need for more active information on
the development of ethnic conflicts, the growth of militant nationalism, the
threat terrorism and proliferation of all weapons of mass destruction.
Accurate and reliable intelligence information is the key to
understanding each of these problems and without taking difficult decisions
verified on crises or long-term processes in the world. "
Brief details of the persons who headed the CIA
Roscoe Hillenketer.
Admiral. Since 1920, he served in the U.S. Navy. In 1932 he
took part in the operation of U.S. forces in Nicaragua. In the 30's he worked
in intelligence the United States Navy, then the naval attache in Paris. Participated in the howling is not against Japan. From 1946 re attaché in France. In 1947 he was appointed director of the CIA held this post until 1950.
Walter Bedell Smith.
General. Since 1928, U.S. military intelligence. In 1942 -
Chief of Staff to General Eisenhower on the Mediterranean theater of
operations. In 1946-1949. - U.S. Ambassador in Moscow. Since February 1953
Deputy Secretary of State. Director of the CIA from 1950 to 1953.
Allen Dulles.
Scout professional. Younger brother of John Foster Dulles,
U.S. Secretary of State in the Eisenhower. Most of his life devoted oss-_ 35 _
and then the CIA. Director of the CIA from 1953 to 1961 the first purely
professional head of CIA covert operations.
John McCone.
Large bznesmen a multimillionaire. In 30 - 40-ies. -
President of several companies. Director of the CIA from 1961 to 1965, was an
influential figure in the last stages of the Kennedy Presidency. After retiring
from the CIA became one of the directors of the American company "International
Telephon & Telegraph".
William Reyborn.
Vice-Admiral. Since 1932, the U.S. Navy. In the last years
of service in the Navy conducted a special program to develop submarines, armed
with missiles "Polaris". After leaving in 1963, resigned, was appointed
vice-president of a major military concern "Aerojet General
Corporation", producing missiles. CIA Director from April 1965 to June
1966
Richard Helms.
Scout professional Helms ancestors on the paternal side
emigrated to the U.S. from Germany. Father - one of the leaders of Aluminum
consortium in America. In 1942 he enlisted in the Navy as a lieutenant.
In 1943, seconded to the CID. Since 1945, associated with
Dulles, served as a resident in Western countries. One of the founders of the
CIA. Supervised Special Operations Division since its inception. Director of
the CIA from 1966 to 1973
James Schlesinger.
A government official in 1950 graduated from Faculty of
Economics at Harvard. from 1963 to 1969 worked at the RAND Corporation, headed
the department of Strategic Studies. Since 1969 - Assistant Director of the
Budget Bureau. In July 1971 he was appointed Chairman of the Atomic Energy
Commission, USA. A long time engaged in the research questions nat. security,
politics and finance. CIA Director from February to July 1973 After leaving the
CIA was appointed Minister of Defense.
William Colby.
Scout professional. Began service in the CIA from November
1950 under the "roof" the diplomat worked for the CIA station in Stockholm, Rome and Saigon. Then headed the Far Eastern Division in Lenlgli. In 1972 he
became deputy director of the CIA on "Planning", ie immediate
supervisor of service that U.S. intelligence all covert operations. Director of
the CIA from 1973 to 1976
George W. Bush.
Businessman, politician. From 1942 to 1945 served as a pilot
on an aircraft carrier. After the war, selling oilfield equipment. He organized
an oil company in Texas. From 1966 to 1970 - Member of Congress. A 1971-1972
U.S. Permanent Representative to the UN. Director of the CIA from 1976 to 1977
Stensfild Turner.
Admiral. From 1971 to 1972, head of systems analysis in the
management of the commander of naval operations. From 1974 to 1975 - Commander
of the 2 nd Fleet, U.S. Atlantic Fleet and the shock of NATO. Since 1975 - The
commander of NATO forces in Southern Europe. Director of the CIA from 1977 to
1981
William Casey.
Scout professional. During the Second World War led the
operation OSS in the European theater of military operations. After many years
practiced law on Wall Street, founded a number of companies, has acquired
millions. From 1981 to 1987 - the CIA director, the first time in the history
of American intelligence was elevated to the rank of a Cabinet Minister.
William Webster.
Lawyer and politician. Military service from 1943 to 1946
took place in the U.S. Navy Reserve.
Since 1949, he graduated from the Faculty of Law. Washington, worked in a private law firm - until 1956, when he was appointed District
Attorney (Eastern District of Missouri).
Since 1971 - District Judge since 1973 - a judge of the
Federal Court of Appeal. In 1978 - 1987 gg. - Director of the
FBI. In 1987
following the resignation on health grounds W. Casey, and
the failed appointment of Secretary Gates, has been appointed director of the
CIA.
Currently, the Central Intelligence Agency is headed by John
Deutch. There is reliable information about near his bias.
Quote:
"National Security Act of 1947 ... gave exploration a
more influential position in our government than that which belongs to the
exploration of any other government."
(A. Dulles)
"I am absolutely convinced of the need to preserve the
CIA's capabilities for covert operations ... There is a definite foreign
policy, which requires a secret activities."
(William Webster)
"I came to a deep conviction that we must maintain our
exploration at the level of efficiency and continuously improve its
effectiveness. We can not afford to weaken the CIA."
(George Bush)
The meaning of this cult in achieving foreign policy goals
of the U.S. government secret and usually illegal means ... "
(V. Marchetti)
"It's nice to hear about the competence and high
professional qualities of the CIA and other intelligence agencies ..."
(J. Carter)
"Our government, like others, really taking action in
the field of covert operations, in order to carry out foreign policy and
protect our national security ..."
(J. Ford)
"... We Americans are working in intelligence, are
proud of it and those improvements that we have made in this ancient
profession."
(W. Colby)